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Original Article
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | ADOLESCENT HEALTH
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | AMERICAN INDIAN AND ALASKA NATIVE HEALTH
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | ANTENATAL CARE SERVICES
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | BIRTH INTERVAL
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CAFFEINE AND CHILDHOOD OBESITY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CERVICAL PRECANCER
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CHILD HEALTH
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CHILD HEALTHCARE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CLUBFOOT
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING PRACTICES
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | CONTINUUM OF CARE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | COVID-19 DISEASE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | COVID-19 IN PREGNANCY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | COVID-19 OUTCOMES
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | DEPRESSION & HIV
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS AND HIV
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HEALTHCARE SERVICES
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HEAT-STABLE CARBETOCIN
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HEAT-STABLE CARBETOCIN, PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HEAT-STABLE CARBETOCIN, TRANEXAMIC ACID
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV AND PREGNANT WOMEN
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV INFECTION
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV PREVENTION
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV TESTING
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV Viral Load
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV/AIDS
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | HIV/AIDS IN ECUADOR
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE | NEONATAL MORTALITY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | OBSTETRIC FISTULA REPAIR
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | OXYTOCIN VS MISOPROSTOL IN PPH
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PEDIATRIC HIV
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PERIODONTITIS
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE MANAGEMENT
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PPH IN HUMANITARIAN SETTINGS
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PPH STUDY IN KENYA
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PPH STUDY IN UGANDA
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PRE-ECLAMPSIA
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PREGNANCY
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PRENATAL CARE
ORIGINAL ARTICLE | PUERPERAL SEPSIS
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Original Research | Article Healthcare
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | PEDIATRIC HIV
PROTOCOL | PREGNANCY
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | ACADEMIC DETAILING
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | CHILD HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | HIV
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | MATERNAL HEALTH
PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | OPT-OUT APPROACH IN HIV TESTING
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PUBLIC HEALTH PRACTICE | SURVEILLANCE
RESEARCH COMMENTARY
Review Article
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID AND MENTAL HEALTH
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID MCH RESEARCH AGENDA
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID-19
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID-19 AND CHILD VACCINATION
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID-19 AND MATERNAL MORTALITY
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID-19 AND REMOTE WORKERS
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | COVID-19 PANDEMIC DISPARITIES
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | HEALTHCARE PROVIDER TRAINING
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | MALARIA
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | SINGLETONS, TWINS, MULTIPLE BIRTHS
SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM FOR COVID-19
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SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW ARTICLE | UTI AND PULMONARY INJURY
WAME STATEMENT
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SHORT RESEARCH COMMUNICATION | HEALTHCARE PROVIDER TRAINING
9 (
2
); 186-190
doi:
10.21106/ijma.373

Assessing Training Interests of Latin American and Caribbean Immigrant-serving HIV/AIDS, STD, and Hepatitis C Providers in New York State, United States

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester NY, 14642, USA
New York State Department of Health AIDS Institute, 897 Crotona Park N, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA

*Corresponding author email: Jahron_Marriott@URMC.Rochester.edu

Licence

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

Healthcare providers may be ill-equipped to address the specific care needs of refugee/immigrant (RI) patient populations. We assessed continuing education (CE) training interests among HIV/AIDS, STD, and Hepatitis C (HASH) providers in New York State (NYS), United States, who serve RI patients from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). An online survey was completed by 156 HASH providers during a three-month period in Spring 2018. HASH providers serving LAC patients indicate interest in additional training to address the unique needs of the RI community. We noted a strong interest for more tailored learning opportunities in issues that impact refugee health.

Keywords

Immigrant Health
Refugee
HIV/AIDS
Latin America
Caribbean
Training
Continuing education
Hepatitis
STD

1. Introduction

The mix of people served by many health care systems shifts in response to global population movements.1,2 The forces underpinning these movements range from catastrophic weather phenomena or socio-political events that impact a particular region, to intentional migration to new locales.2 As a result, these population movements may lead to changing - and sometimes unpredictable - population patterns. Healthcare providers often struggle to understand how to address the particular healthcare needs faced by these new and evolving migrant populations, such as refugees and immigrants (RI). The circumstances related to the migration patterns of patient populations may have a potential impact on their health outcomes upon arrival at their new destination.2 In the United States, New York State (NYS) is a destination and resettlement location for immigrants from all parts of the world; the largest portion of immigrants to the state, however, are from Latin America and the Caribbean,3 who form an increasingly larger portion of clinical practice clientele.

In a recent study, physicians in Canada were given a survey to assess their strategies for accommodating immigrant patients and their level of training in immigrant care.4 The study highlights the growing importance and the need for healthcare providers who are trained in addressing the needs of diverse cultures, and providing appropriate care. Continuing education (CE) for providers is an important source of learning and sharing best practices in clinical care; reaching clinicians through CE mechanisms online or in-person can help support addressing new or unforeseen needs, such as cultural competency needed to address the healthcare needs of new residents.5

1.1 Objectives and Aims

Providing healthcare can be a challenging endeavor, especially when differences in culture can influence patients’ conceptions of health, illness, and healthcare practices.6 Specified training andidance tailored to the needs of patients help healthcare professionals to improve their clinical practice, level of cultural competence, and confidence.6 With the appropriate training, healthcare providers may be better able to address the healthcare needs of their patients, accounting for cultural differences in “new” populations with which they may not be familiar. Continuing Education trainings that are not tailored to help providers remain current on health conditions, approaches, and treatments addressing their patients’ needs may be detrimental to the communities that health providers serve.6 The objective of this study was to assess the CE training interests among HIV/AIDS, STD, and Hepatitis C providers in New York State, United States, who serve refugee and immigrant patients from Latin America and the Caribbean, with the aim of developing future trainings tailored to provider interests and practice needs. This information will help inform the development of future CE offerings targeting these providers.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Data Collection

HIV/AIDS, STD, and Hepatitis C (HASH) healthcare providers were asked about refugee and immigrant (RI) health-related topics and training interests as part of the New York State AIDS Institute’s Clinical Education Initiative’s (CEI) Annual Assessment (an electronic-based survey (e-survey)). The annual survey was conducted using REDCap®, a HIPAA-compliant application used to electronically capture and manage research and clinical study data. Providers included physicians, nurses, dentists, and pharmacists, and questions ascertained details about their clinical practice, priorities, and training interests; interests in Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and opioid overdose. HASH providers were asked if they served RI populations, and from which regions of the world the RI populations they served came, including the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region.

2.2. Data Analysis

The statistical programming software R was used for data analysis. LAC-serving healthcare providers were compared with other health providers regarding priorities, screening/treatment, and training interests. Logistic regression was used to generate odds ratios as measures of association with 95% confidence intervals, adjusting for the providers’ primary professional discipline/occupation. The University of Rochester’s Research Subjects Review Board determined that this evaluation (RSRB00062100) did not meet the federal definition of research and was, therefore, exempt. This assessment was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration.

3. Results

3.1. Overall Result

Our assessment included 156 HASH providers, with 53 providers (33.9%; including 41 males (26.5%) and 114 females (73.5%)) indicating they served LAC populations. Most providers responding were nurses (60.3%), physicians (33.3%), and pharmacists (6.4%). Primarily, the practice settings were hospital/hospital clinic (21.4%), state/local health department/clinic (20.8%), community health center (20.1%), and a range of other organizations (37.7%). However, in total, there were less LAC serving providers in all practice settings (33.8%) than Non-LAC serving providers (66.2%).

LAC-serving providers indicated that the health issues they addressed within their refugee/immigrant patients such as physical health (35.8%), infectious diseases (39.6%), and social problems (43.4%), differed from their non-refugee patients. LAC-serving providers also indicated that the mental health issues they addressed in their refugee/immigrant patients differed from their other patients (22.6%).

In addition, LAC serving providers were more likely than non-LAC serving providers to provide STD screening/testing services (aOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.3-16.42) and STD treatment (aOR: 4.3, 95%CI: 1.41-16.15) within their practices. No significance was found among the two comparison groups related to HIV screening and treatment. Professional discipline was identified as a confounding variable in our analysis and so adjusted odds ratios were calculated for our results.

3.2. Main Specific Result

Among LAC serving providers, 84.8% indicated that they were interested in receiving additional training in refugee health (Table 1). In addition, LAC serving providers were 4 times more likely to request refugee health training when compared to non-LAC providers (aOR:4.2; 95%CI:1.7-10.4).

Table 1 Additional Clinical Education Initiative’s (CEI) training needs indicated by LAC-serving providers and Non-LAC-serving providers
N(%)
Additional CEI Training Preference LAC –serving provider Non-LAC-serving provider Total Adjusted Odds Ratio 95% C.I. P-value
Refugee Health Issues Yes 39 (84.8%) 55 (57.3%) 94 (66.2%) 4.2 1.7–10.4 < 0.001
Screening/Testing for HIV Yes 35 (76.1%) 75 (78.9%) 110 (78.0%) 0.9 0.4–1.2 0.72
Screening/Testing for HCV Yes 334 (73.39%) 69 (75.8%) 102 (75.0%) 0.8 0.4–1.9 0.67
Screening/Testing for STDs Yes 38 (82.6%) 79 (84.0%) 117 (83.6%) 0.8 0.3– 2.2 0.73
Latest Developments on Treatment Options for HIV/HCV/STD Yes 46 (93.9%) 91 (91.0%) 137 (91.9%) 1.5 0.4–5.9 0.55
PrEP Yes 42 (89.4%) 82 (85.4%) 124 (86.7%) 1.5 0.5–4.3 0.5
PEP Yes 39 (83.0%) 85 (85.9%) 124 (84.9%) 0.8 0.3–2.1 0.7
ETE (End the Epidemic) Yes 31 (98.9%) 74 (77.1%) 105 (74.5%) 0.7 0.3–1.5 0.3
Undetectable =Untransmutable (U=U) Yes 35 (77.8%) 81 (84.4%) 116 (82.3%) 0.7 0.3–1.6 0.4
Addressing Stigma Yes 36 (81.8%) 79 (83.2%) 115 (82.7%) 0.9 0.4–2.4 0.9
LGBT Health Yes 42 (89.4%) 85 (85.9%) 127 (87.0%) 1.4 0.5–4.2 0.5
Taking a Sexual History Yes 37 (78.7%) 79 (81.4%) 116 (80.6%) 0.9 0.4–2.0 0.7
Behavior Counseling for STD/HIV Risk Reduction Yes 39 (86.7%) 89 (89.9%) 128 (88.9%) 0.7 0.3–2.2 0.6
STD Clinical Management Yes 41 (89.1%) 89 (91.8%) 130 (90.9%) 0.8 0.2–2.4 0.6
Medical Marijuana Yes 38 (80.9%) 70 (71.4%) 108 (74.5%) 1.7 0.7–4.2 0.2
Workplace Gun Violence Yes 30 (66.7%) 64 (68.1%) 94 (67.6%) 0.9 0.4–1.9 0.8
Harassment in the Workplace Yes 27 (60.0%) 58 (63.0%) 85 (62.0%) 0.8 0.4–1.8 0.6
Linkage to Care Options Yes 33 (75.0%) 75 (79.8%) 108 (78.3%) 0.7 0.3–1.7 0.4
Smoking Cessation Yes 33 (71.7%) 79 (82.3%) 112 (78.9%) 0.5 0.2–1.2 0.1
Opioid Overdose Yes 34 (77.3%) 87 (90.6%) 121 (86.4%) 0.5 0.2–1.2 0.1

3.3. Summary of Findings

This study found that providers who serve LAC patients observe the multi-faceted health issues experienced by the LAC community. At present, LAC patients may have more serious – and different - healthcare needs than non-LAC patients. This finding suggests that there may be factors impacting the level of health status and healthcare for LAC patients that warrant further study. Importantly, providers are interested in additional training to address these serious refugee and immigrant health issues.

4. Discussion and Global Health Implications

Refugees and immigrants are a significant segment of society with complexities including social health needs,4 which is important to healthcare providers who serve them. This study shows that providers perceive that significant and different health issues face their patients from Latin America and the Caribbean. LAC-serving providers show a strong desire for additional training in immigrant and refugee health issues to address their ability to effectively identify and manage their patients.

Limitations

Because of the anonymous nature of this assessment, responding clinicians may or may not be representative of all HASH clinicians in NYS who provide care to RI populations. While the regions of the world are consolidated into categories such as “LAC,” these regions are heterogenous with distinctive cultural, health, and lifestyle variations that exist among and within the countries in each classification.

Recommendation for Further Studies

Understanding the needs identified by NYS HASH providers helps continuing education content generators develop culturally relevant training for providers on elements and quality of care for refugee and immigrant communities.7 In so doing, future studies can explore the necessity for, and impact of, training that addresses the unique cultural variations of immigrant populations (for instance, the LAC region) and how these cultural variations can impact provider practices.7 Potentially, providing more culturally appropriate care could help impact HIV/AIDS, STDs, and Hepatitis C in these populations.

As a result of shifting global populations, healthcare providers have to identify new trends and barriers to provide the best appropriate care for the patients they serve. Therefore, culturally-relevant training is imperative for HASH providers so that they can continue to offer appropriate healthcare to their patients, setting a precedent that can be replicated in healthcare institutions worldwide.

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no relevant conflict of interest.

Financial Disclosures: The authors declare that there were no financial disclosures to make for this study.

Funding/Support: Funded by the New York State AIDS Institute Clinical Education Initiative Resource Center of Excellence (University of Rochester; C029086 TD Dye, PI). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the AIDS Institute or the New York State Department of Health.

Ethical Approval: The University of Rochester’s Research Subjects Review Board determined that this evaluation (RSRB00062100) did not meet the federal definition of research.

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