Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and HIV Prevention Among Key Populations in Nigeria

Study Design

This research adopted a comprehensive cross-sectional design to explore KPs vulnerable to HIV, specifically female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men (MSM), and people who inject drugs (PWIDs). These groups are all participants in the Heartland Alliance Ltd/GTE Comprehensive Key Populations HIV prevention program from May 2019 to April 2023, which operates in six targeted states in Nigeria: Lagos, Bayelsa, Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Jigawa, and Niger. Data were extracted and analyzed in August 2023.

Unlike studies that use sampling techniques, this research included all individuals enrolled in the PrEP program under the HAL/GTE One Stop Shop initiative, which serves as a convenient location that offers a wide range of services that meet various KP needs. This approach provided a complete dataset, allowing for an exhaustive analysis of the KPs in these states. Data for the study were sourced from the HAL/GTE OSS databases in the six selected states, with the highest number of these KPs in Northern and Southern Nigeria; by incorporating all individuals enrolled in PrEP using tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) (300 mg) + 3(taxotere and cyclophosphamide) TC (150 mg), the study aimed to offer a comprehensive understanding of HIV-related factors among these groups. This inclusive methodology enabled an in-depth examination of HIV prevention and treatment factors among the KPs. It also allowed for a holistic understanding of the challenges and opportunities related to HIV management in the selected states. This study adheres to the STROBE guidelines for reporting cross-sectional studies, ensuring rigorous standards for reporting observational research.

Data Analysis

Before analysis, the dataset was cleaned using Microsoft Excel to ensure accuracy and completeness. This involved removing duplicates, handling missing values, and verifying the integrity of the data. The cleaned data were then imported into IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 28 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize the sociodemographic characteristics of the study population; this included the frequencies and percentages for variables such as gender, age, marital status, KP groups, state of residence, education level, employment status, and duration of PrEP treatment. Chi-square tests examined the relationship between KPs and their HIV status PEP treatment. All statistical tests were two-sided, and a p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Ethical Consideration

The project implementation study was conducted using the approved KP-CARE 1 ethical clearance from Heartland Alliance. This clearance was modified in compliance with Heartland Alliance Ltd Gte’s authorization to access KP’s data in order to uphold strict data security and protection guidelines. Strict procedures were put in place to anonymize and safely store the collected data in order to ensure participant privacy and confidentiality.

Sociodemographic

The study population comprised 13,580 respondents, and Table 1 displays their sociodemographic characteristics. The study population was constituted mainly of female respondents (56.1%), while the male population was 43.9%. The study population was youthful demographic background with a mean age of 28.14 years, a standard deviation of 6.90, with 45.1% aged 26–35 years while 40.7% belonged to the 18–25 age group. Also, notably, a vast majority of the respondents were single (97.3%). FSWs made up more than half of the study population (50.8%), followed by MSM (28.1%) and PWIDs (21.1%). The state highly represented in this study was Lagos (51.7%), followed by Bayelsa (16.9%). Approximately 84.3% of the participants attained senior secondary education as their highest level, followed by postsecondary (10.3%); this shows a high literacy level in the study. The percentage of the respondents employed was 51% compared to 37.7% who were unemployed. Last, the majority of the respondents have been on PrEP treatment for a period of 0–3 months (87.8%), followed by 4–12 months (11.5%) and over 12 months (0.7%).

Initiation of PrEP

Most respondents’ reasons for choosing PrEP are shown in Figure 1, and they are their engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors (81.6%), followed by serodiscordant relationships (9.9%). In comparison, the category labeled “Others,” which included unlisted reasons, accounted for 7.5%.

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Figure 1:

Initiation of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).

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Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Settings

The location of PrEP initiation is illustrated in Figure 2. The chart shows that most respondents started using PrEP in community healthcare (97.0%) settings such as outreach programs. In contrast, a smaller proportion (3.0%) started PrEP usage within clinical facilities, such as hospitals.

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Figure 2:

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Initiation Settings

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Duration of PrEP Medication Among Key Population

Notably, before initiating PrEP among the participants, none had a positive HIV diagnosis. The duration of PrEP medication among the KP is highlighted in Table 2. The result shows that the majority of the FSWs have been taking medication for a period of 0–3 months (90.1%), followed by those medicating for 4–12 months (9.4%) and those for 12 months and above (0.5%). Similarly, a significant proportion of MSM has been on PrEP medication for a period of 0–3 months (78.7%), followed by 4–12 months (20.3%) and 12 months and above (1.0%). Among PWID, a high proportion has utilized PrEP medication for 0–3 months (94.5%), followed by 4–12 months (4.8%) and over 12 months (0.7%). The association is statistically significant p<0.05.

HIV Status PEP Medication

The current HIV status of the respondents after undergoing PrEP medication is illustrated in Figure 3. The current HIV status shows that 99.9% of the respondents remained HIV-negative while 0.01% contracted the virus.

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Figure 3:

HIV Status Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Medication.

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Relationship Between KPs and HIV Status

The relationship between the KPs and their HIV status PEP is shown in Table 3. The result shows that the two positive cases were linked to FSW (0.01%) and PWID (0.01%). These two positive occurrences were associated with people on PrEP for 0–3 months (0.01%) and accessed care in community healthcare settings (0.01%). The two positive cases took PrEP treatment for less than one month, suggesting nonadherence to treatment: a false negative initial test result or a breakthrough infection.

Initiation of PrEP and Its Settings

From the findings, most respondents (81.6%) cited their engagement in high-risk sexual behaviors as the primary reason for choosing PrEP. This finding aligns with research on PrEP utilization among KPs globally and in Nigeria.^[24] High-risk sexual behaviors, such as multiple sexual partners, inconsistent condom use, and transactional sex, have been identified as significant risk factors for HIV transmission.^[25,26] Therefore, individuals who engage in these behaviors are more likely to perceive PrEP as a crucial preventive measure. In addition, the presence of serodiscordant relationships as the second most common reason (9.9%) for initiating PrEP corroborates previous studies highlighting the importance of PrEP in serodiscordant couples. In such partnerships, where one partner is HIV positive and the other is HIV negative, PrEP is a valuable tool for reducing the risk of HIV transmission.^[27,28] These findings align with previous research conducted in different settings. For instance, a study by Pyra et al.^[29] conducted in East Africa demonstrated that PrEP was highly effective in reducing the risk of HIV transmission within serodiscordant couples, reinforcing the importance of PrEP for this population. Similarly, studies in various countries have consistently shown that individuals engaged in high-risk sexual behaviors are more likely to seek PrEP as a prevention strategy.^[30,31]

These findings have several significant implications for HIV prevention strategies in Nigeria. First, the high percentage of respondents citing high-risk sexual behaviors as their reason for choosing PrEP underscores the need for targeted interventions among KPs engaging in such behaviors. These interventions may include comprehensive sexual education, condom distribution, and improved access to PrEP services.^[32] Addressing the underlying factors contributing to high-risk behaviors, such as stigma and discrimination, is also critical. Second, recognizing serodiscordant relationships as a motivating factor for PrEP initiation highlights the importance of tailored counseling and support services for couples. Encouraging regular HIV testing and linkage to care for HIV positive partners is essential in serodiscordant relationships to ensure viral suppression and minimize transmission risk.^[33,34]

The findings regarding the initiation settings for PrEP among KPs in Nigeria indicate a significant preference for community healthcare settings, with 97.0% of respondents choosing outreach programs for PrEP initiation. In comparison, only 3.0% opted for clinical facilities like the One Stop Shop/hospitals. The high prevalence of PrEP initiation in community healthcare settings can be attributed to several factors. First is the increased accessibility of outreach programs compared to clinical facilities. KPs, often facing stigma and discrimination, may feel more comfortable accessing PrEP services in community settings, receiving support from peers and community workers trained to address their unique needs.

Additionally, outreach programs may offer a more discreet and confidential environment, which is essential for those concerned about privacy. This finding aligns with existing literature that emphasizes the importance of community-based interventions for KPs in addressing HIV prevention and care.^[35,36] The preference for community-based PrEP initiation carries significant implications for HIV prevention efforts in Nigeria. One of the most notable implications is the potential to reach a larger portion of KPs. Outreach programs have a broader reach and can penetrate remote areas with limited access to clinical facilities. This expansion of PrEP services can contribute to reducing new HIV infections among KPs, aligning with global and national goals.^[37]

Furthermore, the community-based approach fosters a sense of trust and engagement among KPs. When individuals feel comfortable and supported, they are more likely to adhere to PrEP regimens and engage in routine HIV testing, which is crucial for its effectiveness.^[38] However, while the findings of this study predominantly found a preference for community healthcare settings, contrasting findings from other regions or countries may shed light on the importance of providing options. Some studies have shown that KPs may have varying preferences based on their circumstances, such as urban or rural residence, socioeconomic status, and HIV risk factors.^[39,40] This highlights the need for a flexible approach to PrEP initiation and retention in care that caters to the diverse needs within the KPs.

Duration of PrEP Medication Among KPs

The findings indicated that the majority of FSWs, MSM, and PWIDs have been taking PrEP medication for a relatively short period of 0–3 months. It is crucial to consider the awareness and accessibility of PrEP among KPs. There might be limited knowledge about PrEP in many settings, and accessing it may present challenges. This could explain why many participants had only recently initiated PrEP. Studies by Bauermeister et al.,^[41] Eaton et al.,^[42] Shover et al.^[43] and Spinelli et al.^[44] have highlighted the importance of improving awareness and accessibility to PrEP for KPs. In addition, stigma and discrimination related to HIV and KPs can deter individuals from seeking PrEP. Fear of disclosure, discrimination from healthcare providers, or societal prejudice can contribute to delayed uptake. Research by Stahlman et al.^[45] has shown how stigma remains a barrier to HIV prevention among KPs.

However, while a large proportion of KPs initiate PrEP within the first three months, this suggests an opportunity for early intervention in HIV prevention. Timely initiation of PrEP is essential for its effectiveness, so healthcare providers should focus on reaching KPs as early as possible after assessing their risk. Spinelli et al.^[44] emphasize prompt initiation’s importance for maximum benefit. These findings underscore the need for targeted educational programs and support services tailored to KPs. By addressing stigma, providing accurate information, and offering counseling, it may be possible to encourage more individuals to start PrEP sooner. Although a smaller proportion, some participants have been on PrEP for longer (4–12 months or more). This suggests a subset of individuals who have successfully engaged with PrEP over time. Ensuring their continued access to PrEP and support is critical to sustaining HIV prevention efforts.

HIV Status PEP Medication and Relationship Between KPs

As found in the study, the substantial majority (99.9%) of respondents remaining HIV negative after undergoing PrEP medication can be attributed to the effectiveness of PrEP in preventing HIV transmission. PrEP, consisting of antiretroviral drugs taken by HIV negative individuals, has been widely recognized as an efficacious preventive measure, particularly among KPs such as MSM, sex workers, and PWID.^[46] This result aligns with previous research indicating that PrEP significantly reduces the risk of HIV infection when taken consistently and correctly.^[47–49] Also, the 0.01% of respondents contracting HIV PEP highlights that PrEP is not infallible. This small percentage may be due to several factors, including inconsistent PrEP adherence or seroconversion occurring during the initial stages of PrEP usage when the protective effect is not fully established. This underscores the importance of adherence counseling and regular testing among PrEP users. It also emphasizes the significance of risk-reduction strategies, such as condom use, in addition to PrEP.^[38]

Furthermore, the overwhelmingly high percentage of respondents remaining HIV negative suggests that PrEP has the potential to play a pivotal role in reducing HIV transmission among KPs in Nigeria. It provides an encouraging avenue for HIV prevention programs and policymakers to prioritize the promotion and accessibility of PrEP as an integral component of the national HIV prevention strategy. In addition, the small number of individuals contracting HIV PEP indicates that further attention is needed to understand the circumstances under which PrEP effectiveness might be compromised. This underscores the importance of ongoing monitoring, support, and education for PrEP users to ensure consistent and correct usage. It also emphasizes the necessity of integrating PrEP into a comprehensive prevention approach, considering the limitations of any single prevention method.^[50]

Moreover, the exceptionally low HIV incidence rate among KPs, as indicated by the 0.01% prevalence for FSWs and PWIDs, is noteworthy. This can be attributed to several factors. First, it may reflect the success of PrEP as an effective preventive measure against HIV transmission. Previous research has demonstrated that PrEP is highly effective when taken consistently, and this could explain the low infection rates among individuals who adhered to the regimen.^[49,51] Studies such as the HPTN 067/ADAPT trial have shown that PrEP can significantly reduce the risk of HIV acquisition among high-risk populations, which aligns with the observed low HIV prevalence among KPs PEP use.^[52] The finding that these two positive cases occurred among individuals on PrEP for 0–3 months is significant. It suggests there may be a delay in the full protective effect of PrEP. It is essential to delve into why individuals who have been on PrEP for a shorter duration seem to have a slightly higher risk of HIV infection. This could be due to suboptimal adherence, misconceptions about the rapid onset of PrEP efficacy, or late initiation. Research studies have indicated that PrEP efficacy may take some time to reach maximum protection. For instance, the PrEP trial reported that participants who adhered to the medication had greater protection, but it took time to build up to maximum effectiveness.^[53]

These findings underscore the critical importance of sustained adherence to PrEP. It is essential to emphasize the need for individuals to continue taking PrEP consistently, even if they perceive themselves to be at low risk. Studies like the TDF 2 trial have highlighted that PrEP efficacy is highly correlated with adherence. Suboptimal adherence can result in reduced protection against HIV.^[54] The observation that the two positive cases accessed care in community healthcare settings suggests there may be gaps in the quality of care and education provided. These settings should be equipped to offer comprehensive information about PrEP, including the importance of adherence and the time it takes for the medication to reach its maximum effectiveness. The success of PrEP programs often relies on robust education and counseling. Studies such as the Partners PrEP Study have shown that thorough education and support can improve adherence and reduce HIV risk.^[55]

Limitations

One limitation of this study is the reliance on secondary data obtained from Heartland Alliance International (HA LTD/GTE) baseline data. This may introduce potential biases and data quality issues related to data collection methods, completeness, and accuracy, as the study did not have control over the original data collection process. Additionally, the cross-sectional observational study design employed in this research limits the establishment of causal relationships between PrEP and HIV prevention outcomes among KPs. Longitudinal or experimental designs would provide stronger evidence of PrEP effectiveness. Finally, the study’s focus on six specific Nigerian states may not fully represent the diversity of the entire nation, potentially limiting the generalization of the findings to other regions within Nigeria.

Key Messages

• The study emphasizes the potential of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce HIV transmission among critical populations in Nigeria.

• The gender distribution, especially the majority being female, highlights the heightened sensitivity of Nigerian women to HIV.

• Targeted interventions are needed to address and ease this vulnerability. Furthermore, the prevalence of single people in KPs requires personalized PrEP programs to meet their unique needs, underscoring the importance of tailored interventions for certain subgroups.

• This study sheds light on the preference for PrEP start in community healthcare settings.